HadeethIslamResponse to Anti Islam

What is Umm Walad? Can Umm Walad be Sold?

Photo of Fahim Khan Fahim KhanAugust 9, 2023Last Updated: August 9, 2023
0 490 6 minutes read
What is Umm Walad? Can Umm Walad be Sold?
Join @FromMuslims on Telegram

When a slave woman under the authority of a master gives birth to his child, she is referred to as Umm Walad. In this case, her freedom is assured, and she cannot be sold (unless the slave woman passes away).

Nearly all the  companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) agreed on this matter. The renowned Imams of the 4 Sunni madhhabs also concur on this issue.

In the Sunan al-Daraqutni, it came in a sahih isnad,

اŲ„Ų’Ų…ŲØŽŲŽØąŲŲ‘Ų…ŲŲŠŲŲ‘ , Ų†Ø§ ØšŲŽØ¨Ų’دŲ اŲ„Ų„ŲŽŲ‘Ų‡Ų بŲ’Ų†Ų دŲŲŠŲ†ŲŽØ§ØąŲ , ØšŲŽŲ†Ų ابŲ’Ų†Ų ØšŲŲ…ŲŽØąŲŽ , Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ: ÂĢŲ†ŲŽŲ‡ŲŽŲ‰ ØąŲŽØŗŲŲˆŲ„Ų اŲ„Ų„ŲŽŲ‘Ų‡Ų ØĩŲŽŲ„ŲŽŲ‘Ų‰ اŲ„Ų„Ų‡Ų ØšŲŽŲ„ŲŽŲŠŲ’Ų‡Ų ŲˆŲŽØŗŲŽŲ„ŲŽŲ‘Ų…ŲŽ ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ بŲŽŲŠŲ’ØšŲ ØŖŲŲ…ŲŽŲ‘Ų‡ŲŽØ§ØĒŲ اŲ„Ų’ØŖŲŽŲˆŲ’Ų„ŲŽØ§Ø¯Ų , Ų„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲØ¨ŲŽØšŲ’Ų†ŲŽ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲŲˆŲ‡ŲŽØ¨Ų’Ų†ŲŽ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲŲˆØąŲŽØĢŲ’Ų†ŲŽ , ŲŠŲŽØŗŲ’ØĒŲŽŲ…Ų’ØĒŲØšŲ بŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ØŗŲŽŲŠŲŲ‘دŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ Ų…ŲŽØ§ بŲŽØ¯ŲŽØ§ Ų„ŲŽŲ‡Ų ŲŲŽØĨŲØ°ŲŽØ§ Ų…ŲŽØ§ØĒŲŽ ŲŲŽŲ‡ŲŲŠŲŽ Ø­ŲØąŲŽŲ‘ØŠŲŒÂģ

From Abdullah ibn Muti’, from Abdullah ibn Ja’far al-Mukharrami, from Abdullah ibn Dinar, from Ibn ‘Umar, who said: “The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) prohibited the sale of slave mothers. They should not be sold, gifted, or inherited. Their masters may enjoy their company as long as it pleases them, but when they pass away, they become free.”[1]Kitab Sunan al-Daraqutni [Arabic], 5/237, Hadith No. 4250, The hadith is sahih and narrated via several chains. See:

http://hadith.islam-db.com/single-book/542/ØŗŲ†Ų†-اŲ„Ø¯Ø§ØąŲ‚ØˇŲ†ŲŠ/0/3726

http://hadith.islam-db.com/single-book/542/ØŗŲ†Ų†-اŲ„Ø¯Ø§ØąŲ‚ØˇŲ†ŲŠ/0/3728

It is stated in Sahih Sanad in Tabrani Sharif[2]Mu’zam al-Tabarani al-Kabir [Arabic] 4039; 4147 according to other publications. and Silsila Sahiha[3]Silsila Sahiha Arabic 2417, International 1305 Tahqeeq al-Albani: Sahih,
ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ ØŽŲŽŲˆŲ‘ŲŽØ§ØĒŲ بŲ† ØŦŲØ¨ŲŽŲŠŲ’ØąŲØŒ Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ: Ų…ŲŽØ§ØĒŲŽ ØąŲŽØŦŲŲ„ŲŒ ŲˆŲŽØŖŲŽŲˆŲ’ØĩŲŽŲ‰ ØĨŲŲ„ŲŽŲŠŲ‘ŲŽ ŲŲŽŲƒŲŽØ§Ų†ŲŽ ŲŲŲŠŲ…ŲŽØ§ ØŖŲŽŲˆŲ’ØĩŲŽŲ‰ بŲŲ‡Ų ØŖŲŲ…Ų‘Ų ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ¯ŲŲ‡Ų ŲˆŲŽØ§Ų…Ų’ØąŲŽØŖŲŽØŠŲŒ Ø­ŲØąŲ‘ŲŽØŠŲŒØŒ ŲŲŽŲˆŲŽŲ‚ŲŽØšŲŽ بŲŽŲŠŲ’Ų†ŲŽ ØŖŲŲ…Ų‘Ų اŲ„Ų’ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ¯Ų ŲˆŲŽØ§Ų„Ų’Ų…ŲŽØąŲ’ØŖŲŽØŠŲ ŲƒŲŽŲ„اŲ…ŲŒØŒ ŲŲŽŲ‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽØĒŲ’ Ų„ŲŽŲ‡ŲŽØ§ اŲ„Ų’Ų…ŲŽØąŲ’ØŖŲŽØŠŲ: ŲŠŲŽØ§ Ų„ŲŽŲƒŲ’ØšŲŽØ§! ØēŲŽØ¯Ų‹Ø§ ŲŠŲ‘ŲØ¤Ų’ØŽŲŽØ°Ų بŲØŖŲØ°ŲŲ†ŲŲƒŲ ŲŲŽØĒŲØ¨ŲŽØ§ØšŲŲŠŲ†ŲŽ ŲŲŲŠ اŲ„ØŗŲ‘ŲŲˆŲ‚Ų! ŲŲŽØ°ŲŽŲƒŲŽØąŲ’ØĒŲ Ø°ŲŽŲ„ŲŲƒŲŽ Ų„ŲØąŲŽØŗŲŲˆŲ„Ų اŲ„Ų„Ų‡Ų ØĩŲ„ÛŒ اŲ„Ų„ہ ØšŲ„یہ ŲˆØŗŲ„Ų… ، ŲŲŽŲ‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ: Ų„ا ØĒŲØ¨ŲŽØ§ØšŲ ØŖŲŲ…Ų‘Ų اŲ„ŲˆŲ„ŲŽØ¯Ų.
Narrated by Khawwat ibn Jubayr, he said:
“A man died and left a will to me, in which he mentioned a slave mother  and a free woman.
A dispute arose between the slave mother and the free woman regarding the will.
The free woman said to the slave mother, ‘Oh, you! Tomorrow, they will take hold of your ear and sell you in the market!’
I mentioned this to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), and he said, ‘The slave mother should not be sold.'”
That is, we see that the Prophet (PBUH) himself prohibited.
Stated in Muwatta Imam Malik,
Ø­ŲŽØ¯Ų‘ŲŽØĢŲŽŲ†ŲŲŠ Ų…ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŲƒ ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ Ų†ŲŽØ§ŲŲØšŲ ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ ØšŲŽØ¨Ų’دŲ اŲ„Ų„Ų‡Ų بŲ’Ų†Ų ØšŲŲ…ŲŽØąŲŽ ØŖŲŽŲ†Ų‘ŲŽ ØšŲŲ…ŲŽØąŲŽ بŲ’Ų†ŲŽ اŲ„Ų’ØŽŲŽØˇŲ‘ŲŽØ§Ø¨Ų Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ ØŖŲŽŲŠŲ‘ŲŲ…ŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŲŠØ¯ŲŽØŠŲ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ¯ŲŽØĒŲ’ Ų…ŲŲ†Ų’ ØŗŲŽŲŠŲ‘ŲØ¯ŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ŲŲŽØĨŲŲ†Ų‘ŲŽŲ‡Ų Ų„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲŽØ¨ŲŲŠØšŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲŽŲ‡ŲŽØ¨ŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ§ ŲŠŲŲˆŲŽØąŲ‘ŲØĢŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽŲ‡ŲŲˆŲŽ ŲŠŲŽØŗŲ’ØĒŲŽŲ…Ų’ØĒŲØšŲ بŲŲ‡ŲŽØ§ ŲŲŽØĨŲØ°ŲŽØ§ Ų…ŲŽØ§ØĒŲŽ ŲŲŽŲ‡ŲŲŠŲŽ Ø­ŲØąŲ‘ŲŽØŠŲŒ.
Narrated by Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) said, “Any female slave who gives birth from her master, the master is not allowed to sell her, nor can he gift her to anyone else, and no one else can claim ownership over her. The master may enjoy her , but when the master passes away, she becomes free.”[4]Muatta Imam Malik 38:6 Both Abdullah bin Umar (RA) and Nafi’ (RA) are the rabbis of Bukhari-Muslim. The hadith is authentic.

Al-Jurqani stated, “Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), the majority of the Tabi’in, the four Imams, and most Islamic jurists are in agreement on this matter. When Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) prohibited the sale of umm walad, it was also prohibited based on consensus.”[5]Sharh al-Jurkani 1509

āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻĒā§œā§āĻ¨...  Divine Laws on Sexual Intimacy with Slave Woman in Islam

For further references on the emancipation of slave mothers, refer to Sunan al-Kubra by al-Bayhaqi, volume 76, chapter of Ummu Walad[6]https://al-hadees.com/hadees/bayhaqi/76/1.

It is mentioned in Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah,

ابŲ† ابی شیبہ
ÚŠØĒاب: ØŽØąÛŒØ¯ Ųˆ ŲØąŲˆØŽØĒ ÚŠÛ’ Ų…ØŗاØĻŲ„ Ųˆ احڊاŲ…
باب: اŲ… ŲˆŲ„د ÚŠÛŒ بیؚ ÚŠØąŲ†Ø§ ØŦب اŲØŗ ڊا ØŦŲ†ÛŒŲ† ( Ų†Ø§ØĒŲ…اŲ… بچہ) Ú¯Øą ØŦاØĻے
حدیØĢ Ų†Ų…Ø¨Øą: 21893
(Û˛ÛąÛ¸ÛšÛ´) Ø­ŲŽØ¯Ų‘ŲŽØĢŲŽŲ†ŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽÚŠŲÛŒØšŲŒ ، ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ ØŗŲŲŲ’ÛŒŲŽØ§Ų†ŲŽ ، ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ اŲ”ŲŽØ¨ŲÛŒÛŲ ، ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ ØšŲÚŠŲ’ØąŲŲ…ŲŽÛƒŲŽ ، Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ : Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ ØšŲŲ…ŲŽØąŲ بŲ’Ų†Ų اŲ„Ų’ØŽŲŽØˇŲ‘ŲŽØ§Ø¨Ų ŲŲÛŒ اŲ”ŲŲ…Ų‘Ų اŲ„Ų’ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ¯Ų : اŲ”ŲŽØšŲ’ØĒŲŽŲ‚ŲŽÛŲŽØ§ ŲˆŲŽŲ„ŲŽØ¯ŲÛŲŽØ§ ، ŲˆŲŽØĨŲŲ†Ų’ ÚŠŲŽØ§Ų†ŲŽ ØŗŲŲ‚Ų’ØˇŲ‹Ø§Û”

(21894) Hazrat Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) has mentioned regarding Umm Walad that even if her child is incomplete or disabled, she will be granted emancipation.[7]Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah (Arabic) – 21894 (Islamone App).

If a female slave gives birth to the child of her master, whether the child is alive or stillborn, it guarantees the emancipation of the female slave after the death of her master. This hadith is found in Kanzul Ummal,

ÚŠŲ†Ø˛Ø§Ų„ØšŲ…اŲ„
ÚŠØĒاب: ØēŲ„اŲ… ØĸØ˛Ø§Ø¯ ÚŠØąŲ†Û’ ڊا بیاŲ†
باب: اŲ… ŲˆŲ„د ڊا بیاŲ† :
حدیØĢ Ų†Ų…Ø¨Øą: 29653
29653- “ØŖŲ… اŲ„ŲˆŲ„د Ø­ØąØŠ ŲˆØĨŲ† ŲƒØ§Ų† ØŗŲ‚ØˇØ§â€. â€œØˇØ¨â€ ØšŲ† ابŲ† ؚباØŗ.

Even if a female slave gives birth to an incomplete (imperfect) child, she will still be emancipated.[8]Qanjul Ummal – 29653 (Islamone App), Chain- Weak-Zaif-al-Jamiyyah 1275
This hadith is supported by other authentic/valid hadiths as well. Considering the presence of Shahid (witnessing) narration, this hadith is also considered authentic.

Regarding how the child will be, Ibn Rushd (RA), who passed away in 595 AH, has mentioned the following:

“Malik (the main Imam of the Maliki school of thought) stated that any form of sale related to the slave woman’s pregnancy, even if it is the fetus or a blood clot, is prohibited.

Al-Shafi’i (the main Imam of the Shafi’i school of thought) stated that the physical presence and physical characteristics (such as the shape of the hands and feet) should be evident.”

Ibn Rushd has also mentioned that:

“Based on consensus, it has been established that selling a slave woman even during pregnancy is prohibited.”[9]Book: Bidayat al-Mujtahid – The Distinguished Jurist’s Premier
Translated into English by: Imran Ahsan Nyazee
Publisher: Garnet Publishing
Volume II, pp. 475-476

 

ابŲ† ابی شیبہ
ÚŠØĒاب: ØŽØąÛŒØ¯ Ųˆ ŲØąŲˆØŽØĒ ÚŠÛ’ Ų…ØŗاØĻŲ„ Ųˆ احڊاŲ…
باب: اŲ… ŲˆŲ„د ÚŠÛŒ بیؚ ÚŠØąŲ†Ø§ ØŦب اŲØŗ ڊا ØŦŲ†ÛŒŲ† ( Ų†Ø§ØĒŲ…اŲ… بچہ) Ú¯Øą ØŦاØĻے
حدیØĢ Ų†Ų…Ø¨Øą: 21896
(Û˛ÛąÛ¸ÛšÛˇ) Ø­ŲŽØ¯Ų‘ŲŽØĢŲŽŲ†ŲŽØ§ ہŲØ´ŲŽÛŒŲ’Ų…ŲŒØŒ ØšŲŽŲ†Ų’ دŲŽØ§ŲˆŲØ¯ŲŽØŒ ØšŲŽŲ†Ų اŲ„Ø´Ų‘ŲŽØšŲ’بŲÛŒŲ‘ŲØŒ Ų‚ŲŽØ§Ų„ŲŽ: ØĨØ°ŲŽØ§ ØĒŲŽŲ„بŲ‘ŲŽØŗ ŲŲÛŒ اŲ„Ų’ØŽŲŽŲ„Ų’Ų‚Ų اŲ„ØąŲ‘ŲŽØ§Ø¨ŲØšŲØŒ ŲŲŽÚŠŲŽØ§Ų†ŲŽ Ų…ŲØŽŲŽŲ„Ų‘ŲŽŲ‚Ų‹Ø§ اŲ”ŲØšŲ’ØĒŲŲ‚ŲŽØĒŲ’ بŲÛŲ اŲ„اŲ”ŲŽŲ…ŲŽÛƒŲÛ”

Hazrat Shabi (RA) stated that when a child has a small resemblance (such as facial features or physical characteristics) to someone, they should be considered as a child and their mother should be treated as free.[10]Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah (21897).

To further explore the matter of whether an incomplete child is also considered free at birth, refer to Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, Hadith numbers 21894 to 21900. Seek assistance from a knowledgeable scholar for verification.

āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻĒā§œā§āĻ¨...  When Christians Fail the Test of Faith by Eating Poison, They Claim from the Hadith that the Prophet Muhammad (īˇē) Said Eating Ajwa Dates Destroys Poison

In the books of jurisprudence, it is explained that during the later period of the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) life, he prohibited the sale of umm walad and their children.[11]Majmu Sharh Al Muhajab 9/243

The majority of jurists agree that umm walads cannot be sold, mortgaged, or inherited. However, at the death of the owner, the umm walad is granted freedom.[12]Mausu’ah al-Fiqhiyah
Original arabic-
ØŦŲ…Ų‡ŲˆØą اŲ„ŲŲ‚Ų‡Ø§ØĄ – ŲˆØšŲ„ŲŠŲ‡ ØŖŲƒØĢØą اŲ„ØĒابؚŲŠŲ† ØšŲ„Ų‰ ØŖŲ† اŲ„ØŗŲŠØ¯ Ų„ا ŲŠØŦŲˆØ˛ Ų„Ų‡ ŲŲŠ ØŖŲ… ŲˆŲ„دŲ‡ اŲ„ØĒØĩØąŲ بŲ…ا ŲŠŲ†Ų‚Ų„ اŲ„Ų…Ų„ŲƒØŒ ŲŲ„ا ŲŠØŦŲˆØ˛ بŲŠØšŲ‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ŲˆŲ‚ŲŲ‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ØąŲ‡Ų†Ų‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ØĒŲˆØąØĢ، بŲ„ ØĒØšØĒŲ‚ بŲ…ŲˆØĒ اŲ„ØŗŲŠØ¯ Ų…Ų† ŲƒŲ„ اŲ„Ų…اŲ„ ŲˆŲŠØ˛ŲˆŲ„ اŲ„Ų…Ų„Ųƒ ØšŲ†Ų‡Ø§.

The two narrations mentioned from Jabir ibn Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) can be perceived with a negative connotation. Jabir ibn Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated:

Jabir bin `Abdullah was heard to say:
“We used to sell our slave women and the mothers of our children (Umahat Awaldina) when the Prophet (īˇē) was still living among us, and we did not see anything wrong with that.”[13]Ibn Majah 2517

Narrated Jabir ibn Abdullah:
We sold slave-mothers during the time of the Messenger of Allah (īˇē) and of AbuBakr. When Umar was in power, he forbade us and we stopped.[14]Abu Dawud 3954

Based on the available evidence, scholars and jurists have provided the following explanation regarding this matter: Initially, during the early stages of Islam, there was no specific prohibition on the sale of slave mothers (umm al-walad). However, later on, it was prohibited.

āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻĒā§œā§āĻ¨...  When Christians Fail the Test of Faith by Eating Poison, They Claim from the Hadith that the Prophet Muhammad (īˇē) Said Eating Ajwa Dates Destroys Poison

Jabir ibn Abdullah and some others were not aware of this prohibition.[15]Majmu Sharh Al Muhajab 9/243
It was during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) that he became aware of this issue and brought it to the attention of Jabir ibn Abdullah.
Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) addressed this issue in his caliphate and provided solutions in accordance with the guidance of the Prophet (peace be upon him)[16]Fatah al-Qadir al-Manawi, Volume 6, page 385.

Ultimately, Allah knows best.

Original Author- Tahsin Arafat
Main article- āĻ‰āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻ āĻ•ā§€? āĻ‰āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§?
Translated into English by Fahim Khan

Footnotes

Footnotes
⇧1 Kitab Sunan al-Daraqutni [Arabic], 5/237, Hadith No. 4250, The hadith is sahih and narrated via several chains. See:

http://hadith.islam-db.com/single-book/542/ØŗŲ†Ų†-اŲ„Ø¯Ø§ØąŲ‚ØˇŲ†ŲŠ/0/3726

http://hadith.islam-db.com/single-book/542/ØŗŲ†Ų†-اŲ„Ø¯Ø§ØąŲ‚ØˇŲ†ŲŠ/0/3728

⇧2 Mu’zam al-Tabarani al-Kabir [Arabic] 4039; 4147 according to other publications.
⇧3 Silsila Sahiha Arabic 2417, International 1305 Tahqeeq al-Albani: Sahih
⇧4 Muatta Imam Malik 38:6 Both Abdullah bin Umar (RA) and Nafi’ (RA) are the rabbis of Bukhari-Muslim. The hadith is authentic.
⇧5 Sharh al-Jurkani 1509
⇧6 https://al-hadees.com/hadees/bayhaqi/76/1
⇧7 Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah (Arabic) – 21894 (Islamone App).
⇧8 Qanjul Ummal – 29653 (Islamone App), Chain- Weak-Zaif-al-Jamiyyah 1275
This hadith is supported by other authentic/valid hadiths as well. Considering the presence of Shahid (witnessing) narration, this hadith is also considered authentic.
⇧9 Book: Bidayat al-Mujtahid – The Distinguished Jurist’s Premier
Translated into English by: Imran Ahsan Nyazee
Publisher: Garnet Publishing
Volume II, pp. 475-476
⇧10 Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah (21897).
⇧11, ⇧15 Majmu Sharh Al Muhajab 9/243
⇧12 Mausu’ah al-Fiqhiyah
Original arabic-
ØŦŲ…Ų‡ŲˆØą اŲ„ŲŲ‚Ų‡Ø§ØĄ – ŲˆØšŲ„ŲŠŲ‡ ØŖŲƒØĢØą اŲ„ØĒابؚŲŠŲ† ØšŲ„Ų‰ ØŖŲ† اŲ„ØŗŲŠØ¯ Ų„ا ŲŠØŦŲˆØ˛ Ų„Ų‡ ŲŲŠ ØŖŲ… ŲˆŲ„دŲ‡ اŲ„ØĒØĩØąŲ بŲ…ا ŲŠŲ†Ų‚Ų„ اŲ„Ų…Ų„ŲƒØŒ ŲŲ„ا ŲŠØŦŲˆØ˛ بŲŠØšŲ‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ŲˆŲ‚ŲŲ‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ØąŲ‡Ų†Ų‡Ø§ØŒ ŲˆŲ„ا ØĒŲˆØąØĢ، بŲ„ ØĒØšØĒŲ‚ بŲ…ŲˆØĒ اŲ„ØŗŲŠØ¯ Ų…Ų† ŲƒŲ„ اŲ„Ų…اŲ„ ŲˆŲŠØ˛ŲˆŲ„ اŲ„Ų…Ų„Ųƒ ØšŲ†Ų‡Ø§.
⇧13 Ibn Majah 2517
⇧14 Abu Dawud 3954
⇧16 Fatah al-Qadir al-Manawi, Volume 6, page 385
Tags
Photo of Fahim Khan Fahim KhanAugust 9, 2023Last Updated: August 9, 2023
0 490 6 minutes read
Photo of Fahim Khan

Fahim Khan

4 1 vote
Article Rating
Subscribe
Notify of
0 Comments
Oldest
Newest Most Voted
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments
Back to top button